1. What was Wilson's 14th Point?
That A League of Nations should be established in which countries can negotiate their differences rather than go to war.
2. What terms of the treaty specifically affected Germany?
Several new colonies were established that included German land; their military was drastically cut, and they were forced to pay 33 billion dollars.
3. What were the weaknesses of the treaty?
It did not allow for lasting peace in Eurpoe because of its poor treatement of Germany, its lack of Russian intrests met, and its ignored requests for people of the colonies for self determination.
4. Why did Henry Cabot Lodge object to the treaty?
He, and many other conservative senators, feared it threatened the US's right to keep a forgin policy of isolationism.
5. How did Wilson help bring about the Senate's rejection of the treaty?
He was unwilling to listen to Republicans (who had the majority in the senate) and comprimise, so therefore they were unwilling to agree to any of his tearms.
(A president unwilling to listen to the opinion of the opposing political party on major legislation and haveing it come back to haunt him, sounds like another US president...)
6. What circumstances at this time would eventually lead many Germans to support Adolf Hitler?
The unwillingness og the "Big 4" at the meetings at Varsaillies to cut Germany any slack. The poor treatement of Germany left many Germans feeling personally attacked.
7. Who is George Clemenceau?
He was the prime minister of France during WWI.
8. Who is David Lloyd George?
The Prime Minister of Great Britain.
9. Describe the participation of Russia at the peace conference.
They were not invited because of the communist takeover of the government that had occured shortly after the end of WWI.
Wednesday, December 16, 2009
Thursday, December 10, 2009
WWI - The War at Home
What were some things accomplished by the following wartime agencies and laws?
1. War Industries Board
The WIB encouraged mass production which dramastically increased the production of factorys during the late 1910s.
2. Railroad Administration
It helped control railroads during WWI.
3. Fuel Administration
This federal agency monitered the use of oil, gasoline, and fule during the war in order to conserve resources. It took measures to make sure these resources were not being used unnecessarly used such as establishing daylight-saveings time.
4. National War Labor Board
This agency was established in order to deal with the growing disagreements between workers and management; it helped shut down the growing unrest among unions but also took measures to improve their working conditions.
5. Food Administration
This agency took measures to make sure food wasen't wasted during the wartime, but did not go as far as rationing food. Rather, it encouraged people only to eat as much as was necessary and to set aside cirtan days to not eat priticular types of food.
6. Committee on Public Information
This committee spread pro-American news that helped encourage the American to support and protect their soldiers so that they could effectively protect the county at war.
7. Espionage and Sedition Acts
These acts helped unify the country during the war and restricted people from distupting domestic peace by limiting their right to speak out against the government and the war.
Briefly explain why Bernard M. Baruch and George Creel are significant historical figures.
Both these figures signifigantly shaped what life was like domestically during the first world war. Bernard M. Burch led the WIB which shaped the economy during this time. George Creel helped gain domestic support for the soldiers fighting in the war.
1. War Industries Board
The WIB encouraged mass production which dramastically increased the production of factorys during the late 1910s.
2. Railroad Administration
It helped control railroads during WWI.
3. Fuel Administration
This federal agency monitered the use of oil, gasoline, and fule during the war in order to conserve resources. It took measures to make sure these resources were not being used unnecessarly used such as establishing daylight-saveings time.
4. National War Labor Board
This agency was established in order to deal with the growing disagreements between workers and management; it helped shut down the growing unrest among unions but also took measures to improve their working conditions.
5. Food Administration
This agency took measures to make sure food wasen't wasted during the wartime, but did not go as far as rationing food. Rather, it encouraged people only to eat as much as was necessary and to set aside cirtan days to not eat priticular types of food.
6. Committee on Public Information
This committee spread pro-American news that helped encourage the American to support and protect their soldiers so that they could effectively protect the county at war.
7. Espionage and Sedition Acts
These acts helped unify the country during the war and restricted people from distupting domestic peace by limiting their right to speak out against the government and the war.
Briefly explain why Bernard M. Baruch and George Creel are significant historical figures.
Both these figures signifigantly shaped what life was like domestically during the first world war. Bernard M. Burch led the WIB which shaped the economy during this time. George Creel helped gain domestic support for the soldiers fighting in the war.
Wednesday, December 2, 2009
The U.S. enters World War I
1. How did the United States raise an army?
It instituted a draft.
2. How did U.S. soldiers help win the war?
They convinced the British to adapt the convoy system, which was immensly successful, and helped line a line of protective mines from Scottland to Norway. Also, after 2 and a half years of fighting, they brought an uplifting spitir to tired and worn allied forces, which helped them win the war.
3. What were the estimated economic costs of the war?
$338 billion.
4. What did the war cost in terms of the number of civilian deaths; military deaths?; injuries?; and refugees?
More than 11 million civilian deaths, around 11 million military deaths, 10 million refugees, and many million injured.
5. Define armistice.
truce
It instituted a draft.
2. How did U.S. soldiers help win the war?
They convinced the British to adapt the convoy system, which was immensly successful, and helped line a line of protective mines from Scottland to Norway. Also, after 2 and a half years of fighting, they brought an uplifting spitir to tired and worn allied forces, which helped them win the war.
3. What were the estimated economic costs of the war?
$338 billion.
4. What did the war cost in terms of the number of civilian deaths; military deaths?; injuries?; and refugees?
More than 11 million civilian deaths, around 11 million military deaths, 10 million refugees, and many million injured.
5. Define armistice.
truce
Tuesday, December 1, 2009
World War I Begins
1. What are the four main causes of World War I? Give an example for each as to why it was a cause.
a. Nationalism- Many ethnic groups had bitter rivalies with eachother and wanted their own independent nation.
b. Imperialism- With many countries competeing for colonies with eachother, tentions were running high in Europ.
c. Militarism- World Powers began to spend alot more money on the military in order to become stronger incase of war.
d. Alliance system- The Europien nations made alliances with eachother agreeing to back eachother if war broke out, and when Hungry declared war on Siberia, a chain reaction caused all of Europe to become involved.
2. How did the June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand become the spark for WWI?
Hungery had wanted to go to war with Syberia because of their geographical location, a prime peninsula for shipping, and the assination by a Siberian was a perfect opprunity to declare war. Gremany eagerly backed the war effort as well, because they had intrests that a takeover of the peninsula would serve.
3. What happened within the first few months of fighting?
The Alliance System caused every major Europien power to become involved in the fighting.
4. Generally, why did the United States want to stay out of the war?
The war did not threaten US lives or property.
5. Specifically, Why did the following groups of Americans tend to oppose U.S. participation in the war? Naturalized citizens; socialists; pacifists; parents.
a. Naturalized citizens- They had divided loyalities depending on their land of desent.
b. socialists- They saw it as an imperialists war.
c. pacifists- they are against all types of war.
d. parents- they did not want their children to be killed.
6. How did Germany respond to the British naval blockade of Germany’s ports? What was the U.S. response?
Gremany Sunk any Allied boats it found, and in one instance killed innocent Americans. The US did nothing.
7. What forced the United States into the war?
Germany was gaining too much power and not allowing world peace.
a. Nationalism- Many ethnic groups had bitter rivalies with eachother and wanted their own independent nation.
b. Imperialism- With many countries competeing for colonies with eachother, tentions were running high in Europ.
c. Militarism- World Powers began to spend alot more money on the military in order to become stronger incase of war.
d. Alliance system- The Europien nations made alliances with eachother agreeing to back eachother if war broke out, and when Hungry declared war on Siberia, a chain reaction caused all of Europe to become involved.
2. How did the June 1914 assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand become the spark for WWI?
Hungery had wanted to go to war with Syberia because of their geographical location, a prime peninsula for shipping, and the assination by a Siberian was a perfect opprunity to declare war. Gremany eagerly backed the war effort as well, because they had intrests that a takeover of the peninsula would serve.
3. What happened within the first few months of fighting?
The Alliance System caused every major Europien power to become involved in the fighting.
4. Generally, why did the United States want to stay out of the war?
The war did not threaten US lives or property.
5. Specifically, Why did the following groups of Americans tend to oppose U.S. participation in the war? Naturalized citizens; socialists; pacifists; parents.
a. Naturalized citizens- They had divided loyalities depending on their land of desent.
b. socialists- They saw it as an imperialists war.
c. pacifists- they are against all types of war.
d. parents- they did not want their children to be killed.
6. How did Germany respond to the British naval blockade of Germany’s ports? What was the U.S. response?
Gremany Sunk any Allied boats it found, and in one instance killed innocent Americans. The US did nothing.
7. What forced the United States into the war?
Germany was gaining too much power and not allowing world peace.
Wednesday, November 18, 2009
America as a World Power
1. What role did President Roosevelt play in ending the Russo-Japanese War?
He mandated peace talks between the two partys and helped them come to a conclusion that satisified both sides.
2. What events led to the building of the Panama Canal? What happened regarding Columbia? (Be specific)
The US and Britan had an agreement as early as 1850 in which they decided to share a canal that would go through Central America, but Great Britian eventually decided to give the US complete control of that canal. The US eventually bought claim to a pathway through Panama from a French Company, however, when the US went to ask Columbia permission to build the cancal, Panama had an upriseing against Columbia. The US than agreed to tearms with Panama and got permission to build their canal.
3. What did the Roosevelt Corollary state?
The US would use force to protect its economic intrests in Latin America.
4. How did Taft use Dollar Diplomacy to enforce the Roosevelt Colollary on Nicaragua? (Be specfic)
The country was in a great deal of debt due to revolt. The US arranged an agreement in which US bankers would lend Nicaragua money to pay their debts, and in return the US got control of many economic intrests in the area. When nationalists who fould out about this resisted, the US sent 2,000 marines to put down the rebellion.
5. Why did Woodrow Wilson invade Mexico?
The US used the captureing of American sailors to invade because they wanted control of Spanish oil wells.
6. What were three major foriegn policy goals achieved by the United States in the early 20th century. Be sure to provide an example or two of each.
1. The Panama Canal
~ They were able to successfuly negotiate with Panama after they rebelled against Columbia.
2. They were able to establish themselfs as a world "poliece force"
~ They resolved the conflict between Russia and Japan
3. They were able to prove that they would not allow their economic intrests in Latin America to be threatened, even if this ment the use of viloence.
~ They put down the rebellion in Nigurara.
He mandated peace talks between the two partys and helped them come to a conclusion that satisified both sides.
2. What events led to the building of the Panama Canal? What happened regarding Columbia? (Be specific)
The US and Britan had an agreement as early as 1850 in which they decided to share a canal that would go through Central America, but Great Britian eventually decided to give the US complete control of that canal. The US eventually bought claim to a pathway through Panama from a French Company, however, when the US went to ask Columbia permission to build the cancal, Panama had an upriseing against Columbia. The US than agreed to tearms with Panama and got permission to build their canal.
3. What did the Roosevelt Corollary state?
The US would use force to protect its economic intrests in Latin America.
4. How did Taft use Dollar Diplomacy to enforce the Roosevelt Colollary on Nicaragua? (Be specfic)
The country was in a great deal of debt due to revolt. The US arranged an agreement in which US bankers would lend Nicaragua money to pay their debts, and in return the US got control of many economic intrests in the area. When nationalists who fould out about this resisted, the US sent 2,000 marines to put down the rebellion.
5. Why did Woodrow Wilson invade Mexico?
The US used the captureing of American sailors to invade because they wanted control of Spanish oil wells.
6. What were three major foriegn policy goals achieved by the United States in the early 20th century. Be sure to provide an example or two of each.
1. The Panama Canal
~ They were able to successfuly negotiate with Panama after they rebelled against Columbia.
2. They were able to establish themselfs as a world "poliece force"
~ They resolved the conflict between Russia and Japan
3. They were able to prove that they would not allow their economic intrests in Latin America to be threatened, even if this ment the use of viloence.
~ They put down the rebellion in Nigurara.
Thursday, November 5, 2009
Imperialism's Bitter Fruit
1. a. After the Spanish were forced out of the Philippines, why did fighting break out between American and Filipino forces?
Because the Filipino forces believed they were going to have complete independence after the war, but the US took over for a while at first.
b. How was this a different kind of warfare for American forces?
They were fighting against guerrilla warfare.
2. Why were many African-Americans strong critics of the war against Filipino nationalists?
They had sympathy for the filipinos because they saw them as an oppressed people, like themselfs.
3. Explain two reasons why the United States lost some of its enthusiasm for imperialism in the early 1900s.
a.
It was costly to control so many smaller lands outside of the US
b.
It was hard to keep the people of these small lands under control.
4. What were the positive effects of American occupation in Puerto Rico and Cuba?
The main posative effect was that the US could take advantage of the lands and their economic upside. It was also good for the lands because the US protected them from other forgin powers.
5. After the Spanish-American War, the United States insisted that Cuba only receive independence after agreeing to several limitations set forth in the Platt Amendment. Four restrictions on Cuban independence set forth in the Platt Amendment were:
a.
US could oversee Cuban economy
b.
US had power to veto cuban forgin policy
c.
US could interviene in cuban affairs
d.
US got G-Bay
Was the United States justified in making these demands? Explain your reasoning.
The US was absolutly justified in makeing these demands. The US was reponsable for theeing the Cubans their freedom and were simply ensureing their economic intrests in the area were same.
6. Do you believe the United States was imperialist? Why or why not?
I do believe the US was imperailist because they continues to gain many pacific lands. This was necessary, however, to keep up with the other world powers and continue to be a world power themselfs.
Because the Filipino forces believed they were going to have complete independence after the war, but the US took over for a while at first.
b. How was this a different kind of warfare for American forces?
They were fighting against guerrilla warfare.
2. Why were many African-Americans strong critics of the war against Filipino nationalists?
They had sympathy for the filipinos because they saw them as an oppressed people, like themselfs.
3. Explain two reasons why the United States lost some of its enthusiasm for imperialism in the early 1900s.
a.
It was costly to control so many smaller lands outside of the US
b.
It was hard to keep the people of these small lands under control.
4. What were the positive effects of American occupation in Puerto Rico and Cuba?
The main posative effect was that the US could take advantage of the lands and their economic upside. It was also good for the lands because the US protected them from other forgin powers.
5. After the Spanish-American War, the United States insisted that Cuba only receive independence after agreeing to several limitations set forth in the Platt Amendment. Four restrictions on Cuban independence set forth in the Platt Amendment were:
a.
US could oversee Cuban economy
b.
US had power to veto cuban forgin policy
c.
US could interviene in cuban affairs
d.
US got G-Bay
Was the United States justified in making these demands? Explain your reasoning.
The US was absolutly justified in makeing these demands. The US was reponsable for theeing the Cubans their freedom and were simply ensureing their economic intrests in the area were same.
6. Do you believe the United States was imperialist? Why or why not?
I do believe the US was imperailist because they continues to gain many pacific lands. This was necessary, however, to keep up with the other world powers and continue to be a world power themselfs.
Sunday, November 1, 2009
Spanish-American War
1. What connections did the U.S. have to Cuba in the late 1800s? List at least two.
Cuba was one of America's primary tradeing markets in the 1800s. Over $50 million of American money was invested in Cuban sugar plantations and the US was the primary consumer of Cuban sugar.
2. What were the Spanish “reconcentration camps”?
They were camps that non-rebel Cubans were forced to live in by the Spanish during the Cuban Revolution so that they could not supply the rebels with food and other necessary supplies. Due to the poor living conditions of these camps, thousands perished.
3. List three reasons why the United States went to war with Spain in Cuba.
a. Newspapers, influenced by Cuban nationalists, swayed the public opinion against the Spanish.
b. The Spanish ambassador insulted President McKinley.
c. The USS Maine exploded. Many falsely accused the Spanish.
4. Which do you believe was the most important reason? Why?
I believe the yellow journalism in the newspapers of the time were the most important factor in the US's war against the Spanish. This is because every factor that was cited as a reason for war was made to look alot worse than it actually was by the newspapers, further contributeing to the anti-Spanish feeling of the US population at this time.
5. What did the Teller Amendment say?
It said the US had no intrest in controling Cuba after the fighting was resolved.
6. Why was a portion of the Spanish-American War fought in the Philippines?
The US attacked Spanish forces in the Philippines because the Spanish were expecting the majority of the war to be fought in Cuba.
7. Dewey’s victory in the battle in Manila sparked an outpouring of pride in the United States.
8. Why did Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders want to fight in Cuba?
They wanted to fight in Cuba due to the riseing national pride in the country at the time.
9. a. Why were many African-Americans eager to serve in the Spanish-American War?
They believed it was a chance to gain the respect of the US and be seen in a new light, free from raceism.
b. What forms of discrimination and prejudice did they encounter?
They were denied promotion to the officer dorps.
10. How did racism influence American perceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines? Give two examples of events where racism affected U.S. policy after the war.
a. The US believed the Cubans needed to be "guided" after the war and did not allow them to be a part of the discussions with Spain after the war ended.
b. The US did not allow for the Philippeins to have independencd right away after their revolution.
Cuba was one of America's primary tradeing markets in the 1800s. Over $50 million of American money was invested in Cuban sugar plantations and the US was the primary consumer of Cuban sugar.
2. What were the Spanish “reconcentration camps”?
They were camps that non-rebel Cubans were forced to live in by the Spanish during the Cuban Revolution so that they could not supply the rebels with food and other necessary supplies. Due to the poor living conditions of these camps, thousands perished.
3. List three reasons why the United States went to war with Spain in Cuba.
a. Newspapers, influenced by Cuban nationalists, swayed the public opinion against the Spanish.
b. The Spanish ambassador insulted President McKinley.
c. The USS Maine exploded. Many falsely accused the Spanish.
4. Which do you believe was the most important reason? Why?
I believe the yellow journalism in the newspapers of the time were the most important factor in the US's war against the Spanish. This is because every factor that was cited as a reason for war was made to look alot worse than it actually was by the newspapers, further contributeing to the anti-Spanish feeling of the US population at this time.
5. What did the Teller Amendment say?
It said the US had no intrest in controling Cuba after the fighting was resolved.
6. Why was a portion of the Spanish-American War fought in the Philippines?
The US attacked Spanish forces in the Philippines because the Spanish were expecting the majority of the war to be fought in Cuba.
7. Dewey’s victory in the battle in Manila sparked an outpouring of pride in the United States.
8. Why did Teddy Roosevelt and the Rough Riders want to fight in Cuba?
They wanted to fight in Cuba due to the riseing national pride in the country at the time.
9. a. Why were many African-Americans eager to serve in the Spanish-American War?
They believed it was a chance to gain the respect of the US and be seen in a new light, free from raceism.
b. What forms of discrimination and prejudice did they encounter?
They were denied promotion to the officer dorps.
10. How did racism influence American perceptions of Cuba, Puerto Rico, and the Philippines? Give two examples of events where racism affected U.S. policy after the war.
a. The US believed the Cubans needed to be "guided" after the war and did not allow them to be a part of the discussions with Spain after the war ended.
b. The US did not allow for the Philippeins to have independencd right away after their revolution.
Thursday, October 29, 2009
Imperialism: The Origins of a Global Power
1. Why did American plantation owners and U.S. Marines topple Hawaii’s queen in 1893? Why was Hawaii considered to be a valuable prize? What was President Grover Cleveland’s reaction? Do you agree or disagree with his quote on page 1?
The US toppled the Hawaiian government in order to annex the islands. Hawaii was an important addition to US property because of its location (en route to East Asia) and its ability to grow crops like sugar and pinapple.President Cleveland reacted to this saying that the US needed to do all in its power to help the Hawaiian people. I agree with this because the Hawauuan people were in a very unstable state untill the US interviened and stabalized the islands.
2. Identify five important changes that transformed American in the nineteenth century. How did these five changes affect Americans?
a. immigration increased drastically
- The drastic increase in immigration led to many laborers who were willing to work for small wages, which helped being about the industrial revolution. It also created a much greater racial diversity than that that had existed in the country's earlyer years, causeing raceism.
b. country became more urban and less rural
- The urbinization of the US led to many opprunitys that the country had never had to further its economy, such as haveing factorys. It also led to many new problems, however, such as overcrowding, high crime rates, and disease.
c. the US became a world power, one that could compete even with the Europien nations
- The newfound power that the US came into during this time brought about many new questions about how to go forward and what America's international image should be.
d. the entire country was explored untill there was no longer a fronteer
- America became a country of "explorers". The whole idea of manifest dstiny became somewhat of an embodiment of what it ment to be "an American". Once the western fronteer was completely explored, many were left looking for more new lands to explore and share American ideals with.
e. the US's exports changed from mainly crops to goods made in factories
- The urbaniziation of the country led to many Americans working in factorys and alot smaller of a percentage of the country's population working as farmers. This untimatly improved the economy of the US because they were able to create exports faster and cheeper.
3. How did the economic depression that began in 1893 deepen the divisions in American society? Which groups suffered the most during the depression?
The buisness owners and workers were those who the depression impacted the hardest. This deepened the divisions between these groups of people because even more strikes came about due to worker's fears of loseing their jobs, and these strikes often ended badly because the buisness owners were afraid to give their workers what they wanted incase the economy hurt them again.
4. What were the values many Americans attached to the frontier? Why did many Americans fear that the closing of the frontier would harm America’s national character?
America took on the qualitys of: resourcefulness, bravery, pragmatism, ingenuity, individualism, egalitarianism, and patoritism in its early days. Many believed these were the qualitys that made the US special, and that without new lands to explore these qualitys would cease to exist and America's spirit would be lost.
5. Why did some Americans suggest greater involvement overseas?
At this time America had become a main international power. They feared, however, that Europe's proavtive approach to impearilism would shut the US out of international trade opprunitys, and that the US would not be able to keep up with other international powers. Americans sugested that America look into adoption similar imperialistic qualitys to help them in international trade.
6. What policy did expansionists say would ensure the economic success of the United States? What did imperialists say?
expansionists called for economic expansion overseas. Imperialists called for takeing control of territories around the world.
7. How did the theories of social Darwinism and scientific racism lend support to the cause of American imperialism? How were these pseudo-scientific theories used to justify racist policies and imperialism? Are they still used today?
The ideas of social Darwinism and scientific racism was cited as support for American imperialism because they implied that the people of the lands we were takeing over were lesser than we were, therefore they needed our help and by takeing control of them we were simply doing them a favor. These ideas have been disproved today and are not used in public policy.
8. What did many Protestant churches say was America’s role in the world?
They said it was the role of America to bring world peace.
9. Why did the United States become involved in several Latin American nations in the nineteenth century? Summarize why the United States became involved in Samoa, Hawaii, and other Latin American nations
The US became involved in Latin American nations and Samoa/Hawaii because of two main reasons. One is because they were keep stops for steamships in traveling to Asia and other trade markets, and another was that they were key for growing cirtin crops that could not be grown in the US.
10. Why was the United States concerned about British involvement in Venezuela? What concept did U.S. Secretary of State Richard Olney invoke in response?
He was concerned that Europien nations would take control of Latin American markets before the US had the chance to get involved. He invoked the Monroe Doctrine.
The US toppled the Hawaiian government in order to annex the islands. Hawaii was an important addition to US property because of its location (en route to East Asia) and its ability to grow crops like sugar and pinapple.President Cleveland reacted to this saying that the US needed to do all in its power to help the Hawaiian people. I agree with this because the Hawauuan people were in a very unstable state untill the US interviened and stabalized the islands.
2. Identify five important changes that transformed American in the nineteenth century. How did these five changes affect Americans?
a. immigration increased drastically
- The drastic increase in immigration led to many laborers who were willing to work for small wages, which helped being about the industrial revolution. It also created a much greater racial diversity than that that had existed in the country's earlyer years, causeing raceism.
b. country became more urban and less rural
- The urbinization of the US led to many opprunitys that the country had never had to further its economy, such as haveing factorys. It also led to many new problems, however, such as overcrowding, high crime rates, and disease.
c. the US became a world power, one that could compete even with the Europien nations
- The newfound power that the US came into during this time brought about many new questions about how to go forward and what America's international image should be.
d. the entire country was explored untill there was no longer a fronteer
- America became a country of "explorers". The whole idea of manifest dstiny became somewhat of an embodiment of what it ment to be "an American". Once the western fronteer was completely explored, many were left looking for more new lands to explore and share American ideals with.
e. the US's exports changed from mainly crops to goods made in factories
- The urbaniziation of the country led to many Americans working in factorys and alot smaller of a percentage of the country's population working as farmers. This untimatly improved the economy of the US because they were able to create exports faster and cheeper.
3. How did the economic depression that began in 1893 deepen the divisions in American society? Which groups suffered the most during the depression?
The buisness owners and workers were those who the depression impacted the hardest. This deepened the divisions between these groups of people because even more strikes came about due to worker's fears of loseing their jobs, and these strikes often ended badly because the buisness owners were afraid to give their workers what they wanted incase the economy hurt them again.
4. What were the values many Americans attached to the frontier? Why did many Americans fear that the closing of the frontier would harm America’s national character?
America took on the qualitys of: resourcefulness, bravery, pragmatism, ingenuity, individualism, egalitarianism, and patoritism in its early days. Many believed these were the qualitys that made the US special, and that without new lands to explore these qualitys would cease to exist and America's spirit would be lost.
5. Why did some Americans suggest greater involvement overseas?
At this time America had become a main international power. They feared, however, that Europe's proavtive approach to impearilism would shut the US out of international trade opprunitys, and that the US would not be able to keep up with other international powers. Americans sugested that America look into adoption similar imperialistic qualitys to help them in international trade.
6. What policy did expansionists say would ensure the economic success of the United States? What did imperialists say?
expansionists called for economic expansion overseas. Imperialists called for takeing control of territories around the world.
7. How did the theories of social Darwinism and scientific racism lend support to the cause of American imperialism? How were these pseudo-scientific theories used to justify racist policies and imperialism? Are they still used today?
The ideas of social Darwinism and scientific racism was cited as support for American imperialism because they implied that the people of the lands we were takeing over were lesser than we were, therefore they needed our help and by takeing control of them we were simply doing them a favor. These ideas have been disproved today and are not used in public policy.
8. What did many Protestant churches say was America’s role in the world?
They said it was the role of America to bring world peace.
9. Why did the United States become involved in several Latin American nations in the nineteenth century? Summarize why the United States became involved in Samoa, Hawaii, and other Latin American nations
The US became involved in Latin American nations and Samoa/Hawaii because of two main reasons. One is because they were keep stops for steamships in traveling to Asia and other trade markets, and another was that they were key for growing cirtin crops that could not be grown in the US.
10. Why was the United States concerned about British involvement in Venezuela? What concept did U.S. Secretary of State Richard Olney invoke in response?
He was concerned that Europien nations would take control of Latin American markets before the US had the chance to get involved. He invoked the Monroe Doctrine.
Sunday, October 25, 2009
Spanish-American War (1898)
Causes: How did each of the following help to cause the outbreak of the Spanish-American War?
1. American business owners fuled the Spanish American war because during the Cuban revolt they supported Cuba and they had intrest in Cuban sugar plantations. This intrest was convayed to the American government.
2. José Martí- During Cuba's second revolt against the Spanish, he destroied American property hopeing to force them to interviene and help their cause.
3. Valeriano Weyler- He set up concentration camps for Cubans who were supporting the revolt. News of this infuriated Americans and added to the Anti-Spanish feeling in the country.
4. Yellow journalism- Yellow journalism, a way of presenting news in an exaggerated way, made the Spanish look alot worse than they necessarly were. This added to the anti-Spanish feeling in America and caused more people to call for the US government to interviene.
5. De Lôme letter- This was a letter written by a Spanish Minister being extreamily critical of the US president. Once this letter got out, newspapers accused the Spanish of insulting the Americans and called for war.
6. U.S.S. Maine- The U.S.S. Maine was an American battleship that exploded and sunk in Spanish territory. Even though it was later proven that the explosion was caused by faulty ship design, it was believed at the time that the explosion had been an act of war by the Spanish. This was the final straw that caused the US to go to was against Spain.
Effects: What happened to each of the following territories as a result of the Spanish-American War?
7. Cuba - was reconized as an independent country.
8. Puerto Rico- was given to the US.
9. Guam - was given to the US.
10. Philippine Islands - was given to the US.
9. Guam -
1. American business owners fuled the Spanish American war because during the Cuban revolt they supported Cuba and they had intrest in Cuban sugar plantations. This intrest was convayed to the American government.
2. José Martí- During Cuba's second revolt against the Spanish, he destroied American property hopeing to force them to interviene and help their cause.
3. Valeriano Weyler- He set up concentration camps for Cubans who were supporting the revolt. News of this infuriated Americans and added to the Anti-Spanish feeling in the country.
4. Yellow journalism- Yellow journalism, a way of presenting news in an exaggerated way, made the Spanish look alot worse than they necessarly were. This added to the anti-Spanish feeling in America and caused more people to call for the US government to interviene.
5. De Lôme letter- This was a letter written by a Spanish Minister being extreamily critical of the US president. Once this letter got out, newspapers accused the Spanish of insulting the Americans and called for war.
6. U.S.S. Maine- The U.S.S. Maine was an American battleship that exploded and sunk in Spanish territory. Even though it was later proven that the explosion was caused by faulty ship design, it was believed at the time that the explosion had been an act of war by the Spanish. This was the final straw that caused the US to go to was against Spain.
Effects: What happened to each of the following territories as a result of the Spanish-American War?
7. Cuba - was reconized as an independent country.
8. Puerto Rico- was given to the US.
9. Guam - was given to the US.
10. Philippine Islands - was given to the US.
9. Guam -
Thursday, October 22, 2009
U.S. Imperialism Begins
1. Name at least five factors that fueled American Imperialism.
a. technology
b. military
c. religion
d. tradeing
e. to stop China and Great Btitian from getting too much power
2. Choose two of the above five factors and describe them in your own words.
A. technology- America had never previously bothered with getting land west of the contiguous United States because they didn't have the technology to make use of the land. With the invention of Steamships American had the ability to bring goods from Hawaii back to the contiguous United States in a timely fassion and make use of them.
C. religion- Much like the viewpoint of early labor reform movements, American's thought of themselfs as above the Hawaiins. They made what they were doing sound moraly right by arguing that the Hawaiins needed to be converted to monotheism for their own good.
3. What was known as “Seward’s Folly” and why?
It was Secretary of State Steward's purchase of Alaska from the Russians. Many called it a Folly because at first it was looked upon as useless land. Not untill the many natural resources of the land became clear to Americans did the general public approve of the purchace.
4. What plantation-based product accounted for three-quarters of Hawaii’s wealth in the mid-19th century and who controlled this product?
The Unite States controlled sugar plantations accounted for 3/4 of Hawaii's wealth.
5. Using as much detail as possible, outline the sequence of events that led to America gaining possession of Hawaii? In other words, why was the United States interested in these Pacific islands?
In 1880 the United States declared the Western fronteer closed. Many believed that what made America so special was the ability do continue westward expansion and discover and make use of new natural resources. This created the belief that if Americans could no longer find a fronteer to explore they will cease to be real Americans. This, along with new technology that made exploreing the pacific ocean a feasible opprunity, eventually would lead to America's intrest in and eventual take over of Hawaii. Also, once intrest in Hawaii began, many more reasons why it was a necessary addition to the United States came about. It was wanted for: military reasons, because of Pearl Harobr's location; religious reasons, because Americans still had a strong belief in social darwinism and that they were more fit to control Hawaii than the hawaiians were; economic reasons, because of the ability to grow new resources that couldn't be grown in North America; and for nationalist reasons, to be able to control the shipping industry.
a. technology
b. military
c. religion
d. tradeing
e. to stop China and Great Btitian from getting too much power
2. Choose two of the above five factors and describe them in your own words.
A. technology- America had never previously bothered with getting land west of the contiguous United States because they didn't have the technology to make use of the land. With the invention of Steamships American had the ability to bring goods from Hawaii back to the contiguous United States in a timely fassion and make use of them.
C. religion- Much like the viewpoint of early labor reform movements, American's thought of themselfs as above the Hawaiins. They made what they were doing sound moraly right by arguing that the Hawaiins needed to be converted to monotheism for their own good.
3. What was known as “Seward’s Folly” and why?
It was Secretary of State Steward's purchase of Alaska from the Russians. Many called it a Folly because at first it was looked upon as useless land. Not untill the many natural resources of the land became clear to Americans did the general public approve of the purchace.
4. What plantation-based product accounted for three-quarters of Hawaii’s wealth in the mid-19th century and who controlled this product?
The Unite States controlled sugar plantations accounted for 3/4 of Hawaii's wealth.
5. Using as much detail as possible, outline the sequence of events that led to America gaining possession of Hawaii? In other words, why was the United States interested in these Pacific islands?
In 1880 the United States declared the Western fronteer closed. Many believed that what made America so special was the ability do continue westward expansion and discover and make use of new natural resources. This created the belief that if Americans could no longer find a fronteer to explore they will cease to be real Americans. This, along with new technology that made exploreing the pacific ocean a feasible opprunity, eventually would lead to America's intrest in and eventual take over of Hawaii. Also, once intrest in Hawaii began, many more reasons why it was a necessary addition to the United States came about. It was wanted for: military reasons, because of Pearl Harobr's location; religious reasons, because Americans still had a strong belief in social darwinism and that they were more fit to control Hawaii than the hawaiians were; economic reasons, because of the ability to grow new resources that couldn't be grown in North America; and for nationalist reasons, to be able to control the shipping industry.
Friday, October 16, 2009
Child Labor Reform Photographs
Objective Assessment
As you view each photograph take note about what you see. (note people, background, objects) Pretend you were describing the image to someone who could not see it. Try to avoid making judgments.
Where are these children? List any clues relating to their surroundings.
Describe any tools or objects you see.
Describe their clothing. What do their clothes reveal about their work?
Subjective Assessment
What questions do you have about each of these photographs?
Based on your observations, list three things you might infer about the lives of these children. (Be sure to consider Hine's notes about the photographs when considering this.
Photograph A- The photograph is of a young girl at work at a cotton mill. One can infer this because of the cotton spinning machines that are on the wall next to which she is standing. She is wareing tattered clothes which is most likely due to the hard work she endurs. One caninfer her work is hard because she is the lone worker in the photographand there are alot of machines. This chiled is most likely from a poor family, possably an immigrant, and uneducated, because of the time she spends working rather than going to school.
Photograph B- This photograph depicts five girls, probably around the age of 8, outside a factory. They all look upset and dirty. They are wareing clothes that are tattered and worn. This is most likely because they are forced to work there by their poor economic situations. At the factory, because this is before child labor reform, they were probably forced to work hard for long hours and little pay.I wonder what kind of work theys girls preform.
Photograph C
In this photograph there is a very young girl who looks tired and upset, working in what looks like a cloth makeing factory. She is wareing clothes that look like she has been working in them for quite some time. Based upon this photograph one can infer that this girl must work at the factory because her family is poor. You can also tell she must work very hard by the ratio of machines to workers, there is one little girl with many machines.
Photograph D
In the picture there is a very small boy selling newspapers to people in the city. He looks extreamily dirty and has tattered clothes. Because of this, one can infer the boy comes from a poor economic background. The look on his face shows anguish almost, showing that the work is probably more than he can handel, or that he is worried he wont sell enough to meet his needs.
Photograph E
This photograph shows many boys working at a coal factory. The density of the dust is so extream that it disruts the ability of the photo to capuure the seen, which is obvously unhealthy for those working there. The fact that these children are all working at such a young age shows that they are poor and desprately need the small wages they earn working. They probably had health problems later in life because of the working conditions they dealt with.
Photograph F
This picture depicts teenage boys working late at night in a glass factory. They are wareing ripped clothes that show that they have worn their working clothes alot. They are poor if they are working at 9 at night at their age. One can infer that if they are poor they have worked their entire childhood. They probably don't get a good education because of the amount of hours they work, too.
Photograph G
The people in this photograp are working at an oyster factory. The work they are doing looks hard and there are people rangein from no more than three years old to middle aged people, all working. The infrence that can be taken from this photograph is that the people are poor, because of the age of some of the workers and the clothes that they are wareing. The clildren in this picture will probably have to work their entire childhood like this because of their economic background. They will never get to experience a happy childhood.
Photograph H
This photograph shows children going to work a night shift at a factory. They are all poor because otherwis they would not be working at all, let alone a night shift. This also means they will not be able to recieve a proper education because they are too busy working. The three girls who work even though their father don't are most likely totally independent in raising themselfs, because if their father dosen't even work to support them he is most likely not involved in their lives whatsoever.
As you view each photograph take note about what you see. (note people, background, objects) Pretend you were describing the image to someone who could not see it. Try to avoid making judgments.
Where are these children? List any clues relating to their surroundings.
Describe any tools or objects you see.
Describe their clothing. What do their clothes reveal about their work?
Subjective Assessment
What questions do you have about each of these photographs?
Based on your observations, list three things you might infer about the lives of these children. (Be sure to consider Hine's notes about the photographs when considering this.
Photograph A- The photograph is of a young girl at work at a cotton mill. One can infer this because of the cotton spinning machines that are on the wall next to which she is standing. She is wareing tattered clothes which is most likely due to the hard work she endurs. One caninfer her work is hard because she is the lone worker in the photographand there are alot of machines. This chiled is most likely from a poor family, possably an immigrant, and uneducated, because of the time she spends working rather than going to school.
Photograph B- This photograph depicts five girls, probably around the age of 8, outside a factory. They all look upset and dirty. They are wareing clothes that are tattered and worn. This is most likely because they are forced to work there by their poor economic situations. At the factory, because this is before child labor reform, they were probably forced to work hard for long hours and little pay.I wonder what kind of work theys girls preform.
Photograph C
In this photograph there is a very young girl who looks tired and upset, working in what looks like a cloth makeing factory. She is wareing clothes that look like she has been working in them for quite some time. Based upon this photograph one can infer that this girl must work at the factory because her family is poor. You can also tell she must work very hard by the ratio of machines to workers, there is one little girl with many machines.
Photograph D
In the picture there is a very small boy selling newspapers to people in the city. He looks extreamily dirty and has tattered clothes. Because of this, one can infer the boy comes from a poor economic background. The look on his face shows anguish almost, showing that the work is probably more than he can handel, or that he is worried he wont sell enough to meet his needs.
Photograph E
This photograph shows many boys working at a coal factory. The density of the dust is so extream that it disruts the ability of the photo to capuure the seen, which is obvously unhealthy for those working there. The fact that these children are all working at such a young age shows that they are poor and desprately need the small wages they earn working. They probably had health problems later in life because of the working conditions they dealt with.
Photograph F
This picture depicts teenage boys working late at night in a glass factory. They are wareing ripped clothes that show that they have worn their working clothes alot. They are poor if they are working at 9 at night at their age. One can infer that if they are poor they have worked their entire childhood. They probably don't get a good education because of the amount of hours they work, too.
Photograph G
The people in this photograp are working at an oyster factory. The work they are doing looks hard and there are people rangein from no more than three years old to middle aged people, all working. The infrence that can be taken from this photograph is that the people are poor, because of the age of some of the workers and the clothes that they are wareing. The clildren in this picture will probably have to work their entire childhood like this because of their economic background. They will never get to experience a happy childhood.
Photograph H
This photograph shows children going to work a night shift at a factory. They are all poor because otherwis they would not be working at all, let alone a night shift. This also means they will not be able to recieve a proper education because they are too busy working. The three girls who work even though their father don't are most likely totally independent in raising themselfs, because if their father dosen't even work to support them he is most likely not involved in their lives whatsoever.
Thursday, October 15, 2009
Progressive Era Presidents Taft and Wilson
1. How did William Howard Taft get selected to run for president?
President Roosevelt selected him to run on behalf of the Republican Party.
2. How did Teddy Roosevelt come to oppose Taft for the presidency in 1912?
When President Roosevelt saw how Taft was being too conservative and nor progressive enough, he decided to run for president. He could not win the republican nomination, however, and decided to form his own political party, the Progressive Party.
3. What events helped Woodrow Wilson win the election in 1912?
The formation of the Progressive Party split up what would be the Republican votes between two candidates, giving Wilson an easy victory.
4. What legislation did Wilson use to attack trusts and monopolies?
The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 made it illegal for corporations to buy stock in other companies if doing so would create a monopoly. The establishment of the federal trade commission helped the government keep a close watch on big businesses to make sure no monopoles were being created.
5. What was the Nineteenth Amendment?
It gave women the right to vote nationally.
6. How did America's entry into World War I affect the reform movement?
It stalled reform efforts.
President Roosevelt selected him to run on behalf of the Republican Party.
2. How did Teddy Roosevelt come to oppose Taft for the presidency in 1912?
When President Roosevelt saw how Taft was being too conservative and nor progressive enough, he decided to run for president. He could not win the republican nomination, however, and decided to form his own political party, the Progressive Party.
3. What events helped Woodrow Wilson win the election in 1912?
The formation of the Progressive Party split up what would be the Republican votes between two candidates, giving Wilson an easy victory.
4. What legislation did Wilson use to attack trusts and monopolies?
The Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 made it illegal for corporations to buy stock in other companies if doing so would create a monopoly. The establishment of the federal trade commission helped the government keep a close watch on big businesses to make sure no monopoles were being created.
5. What was the Nineteenth Amendment?
It gave women the right to vote nationally.
6. How did America's entry into World War I affect the reform movement?
It stalled reform efforts.
Thursday, October 8, 2009
TR's Square Deal
1. How did Roosevelt create the modern presidency?
He worked to protect the intrests of the adverage American with actions such as the breaking up of strikes that harmed the country or using his power to pass legislation that regulated the quality of meat.
2. How did Roosevelt's intervention in a coal strike set a precedent for federal arbitration?
The strike was having a negative effect on the public welfare of the country and Roosevelt decided to intervene in order to restore order and for the benefit of the country. From then on whenever strikes threatened to have a major negative impact on the good of the common people of the country the federal government was expected to intervene.
3. What did Roosevelt do to the trusts and railroads?
He broke up trusts whenever he could in an attempt to help stop monoplies from forming and to stop big business from ripping off their customers (the average American). He also passed laws that made it harder for railroads to set unfair prices on tickets because they had to say all their price changes publicly.
4. What legislation passed during Roosevelt's presidency protected citizens?
Elkins Act in 1903, Hepburn Act of 1906, Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act
5. What did Roosevelt do to protect the environment?
He was a conservationalist, which ment rather than not toushing land he used the land to benifit the ecology and evvironment.
He worked to protect the intrests of the adverage American with actions such as the breaking up of strikes that harmed the country or using his power to pass legislation that regulated the quality of meat.
2. How did Roosevelt's intervention in a coal strike set a precedent for federal arbitration?
The strike was having a negative effect on the public welfare of the country and Roosevelt decided to intervene in order to restore order and for the benefit of the country. From then on whenever strikes threatened to have a major negative impact on the good of the common people of the country the federal government was expected to intervene.
3. What did Roosevelt do to the trusts and railroads?
He broke up trusts whenever he could in an attempt to help stop monoplies from forming and to stop big business from ripping off their customers (the average American). He also passed laws that made it harder for railroads to set unfair prices on tickets because they had to say all their price changes publicly.
4. What legislation passed during Roosevelt's presidency protected citizens?
Elkins Act in 1903, Hepburn Act of 1906, Meat Inspection Act, Pure Food and Drug Act
5. What did Roosevelt do to protect the environment?
He was a conservationalist, which ment rather than not toushing land he used the land to benifit the ecology and evvironment.
Saturday, October 3, 2009
Urbanzation
1. What is Urbanization?
The state of being or becoming a community with city like attributes.
2. For what reasons did a number of Americans move from the country to the cities?
In the citys was where the best opprunitys to get jobs were.
3. What were the housing problems that many poor city dwellers faced?
There was massive overpopulation and many people would be cramped into 1 house.
The state of being or becoming a community with city like attributes.
2. For what reasons did a number of Americans move from the country to the cities?
In the citys was where the best opprunitys to get jobs were.
3. What were the housing problems that many poor city dwellers faced?
There was massive overpopulation and many people would be cramped into 1 house.
Tuesday, September 29, 2009
Immigration
1. Describe the causes of the immigration of Southern and Eastern Europeans, Chinese, Koreans, and Japanese to America in the late 19th and early 20th centuries.
Many Europeans came to America during this time to escape from religious prosecution in their respective home countries. Oppression of cirtin religious groups, especially Jews and Catholics, was very common during this time in Europe.
Many Asians came to build a wealth, some of whom planned to return to Asia after they built up their wealth, and others who planned to create a life in America on the wealth they would build.
2. Describe the journey immigrants endured and their experiences at United States immigration stations.
Immigrants coming to America were mostly poor, and therefore had to deal with terrible accommodations on the 1-3 week trip to the United States. They would have to stat on the lower lever of steam ships which would be extremely crowded. Many died of diseases. Once one made it to America, that person would have to pass an array of tests before being admitted to the country. This process could take up to 3 days.
Many Europeans came to America during this time to escape from religious prosecution in their respective home countries. Oppression of cirtin religious groups, especially Jews and Catholics, was very common during this time in Europe.
Many Asians came to build a wealth, some of whom planned to return to Asia after they built up their wealth, and others who planned to create a life in America on the wealth they would build.
2. Describe the journey immigrants endured and their experiences at United States immigration stations.
Immigrants coming to America were mostly poor, and therefore had to deal with terrible accommodations on the 1-3 week trip to the United States. They would have to stat on the lower lever of steam ships which would be extremely crowded. Many died of diseases. Once one made it to America, that person would have to pass an array of tests before being admitted to the country. This process could take up to 3 days.
Monday, September 21, 2009
Late 19th Century Big Buisness and Labor
Why and with what effect did the 19th century business ideologies of Laissez Faire and Social Darwinism have on laborers?
Buisness owners in the 19th century adopted the ideas of Laissez Faire and Social Darwinism. The idea of Laissez Faire basically meant that things economically were the way they were and could not be changed because supply and demand isn't something that can be regulated or controlled. In other words, the poor were poor and the rich were rich and that wasn't something that could be or should be fixed. Social Darwinism was the idea that the rich were successful because they were better adapted the world than the poor because God made them that way. To them it wasn't their fault poor people were poor, that was how they were born. The effect these ideologies had on workers was that their owners (the business owners) weren't bothered by the fact that they forced workers to work long hours for little pay under terrible conditions. At this time there wasn't anything workers could really do about it because there were no government regulations on worker's rights, so they just had to put up with bad conditions.
Buisness owners in the 19th century adopted the ideas of Laissez Faire and Social Darwinism. The idea of Laissez Faire basically meant that things economically were the way they were and could not be changed because supply and demand isn't something that can be regulated or controlled. In other words, the poor were poor and the rich were rich and that wasn't something that could be or should be fixed. Social Darwinism was the idea that the rich were successful because they were better adapted the world than the poor because God made them that way. To them it wasn't their fault poor people were poor, that was how they were born. The effect these ideologies had on workers was that their owners (the business owners) weren't bothered by the fact that they forced workers to work long hours for little pay under terrible conditions. At this time there wasn't anything workers could really do about it because there were no government regulations on worker's rights, so they just had to put up with bad conditions.
Sunday, September 20, 2009
Labor Unions & Big Business
Identify each of the following events or people. Give an explanation or description of the item. Answer the questions who, what, where, and when.
Explain the historical significance of each item in the space provided. Establish the historical context in which the item exists. Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study. Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item
the Knights of Labor
a. Identification
Founded in 1860 by Philadelphia garment cutters, was the only major labor union to survive the depression of the 1870s.
b. Significance
The knights of labor were a result of laborers tired of striking and not achieving anything. They worked more to get long team goals accomplished. Their main goal was to make every man his own boss, to eliminate the profit driven capitalism. This union failed because workers became upset with the passive attitude of the union.
the Haymarket riot
a. Identification
An extremely large group of anti-capitalists gathered at the Haymarket Square in downtown Chicago to protest for more workers rights in May 1886.
b. Significance
This riot, which ended in the death of two unionists, was a result of growing hatred of the capitalist United States Government during this time from workers. This probably has much to do with the belief during this time that the economic climate could not be controlled, so their was no point for Government to regulate worker's rights in any way. This showed how war the tension had came and how serious the workers were about their beliefs.
the American Federation of Labor
a. Identification
Began in 1886 and was a major worker's union. Main goal was to fight for immediate rights, no long term goals.
b. Significance
This union's formation was most like due to the failure of the Knights of Labor. The Knights of Labor focused on long term goals. When the Knights failed, many workers were bitter and felt that working for more rights immediately was the best way to go. This, added to the mistreatment of workers at this time by their bosses, led to the formation of this federation.
Samuel Gompers
a. Identification
An immigrant who headed the AFL in the late 1880s.
b. Significance
Gompers had a passion for workers rights that led to his fight for worker's rights through the AFL. He believed strongly in his cause, and this passion helped him lead the AFL to becoming 2.5 million people strong.
the Homestead strike
a. Identification
A strike that took place in July 1892. The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steelworkers went on strike in Homestead, Pennsylvania because of pay cuts.
b. Significance
This strike was likely due to the frustration of the lack of results from the efforts of the AFL. When the workers continued to work hard to no avail, they became extremely upset, and violent. This event hurt the AFL and all unions because it made the public opinion on unions darken.
the Pullman strike
a. Identification
The workers started a strike that took place in George Pullman's "model town" due to wage cuts in 1894.
b. Significance
The Pullman strike was a result of George Pullman's policy of not hearing the concerns of his workers in regards to their wage cuts. The workers banded together and fought for their rights in a very intelligent way that showed the determination of the workers to get rights.
Eugene V. Debs
a. Identification
Refused to handle Pullman cars in support of strikers in pullman strike
b. Significance
His refusal to follow the laws and handle the cars both showed how far the workers were away from getting the rights they wanted but also showed how hard they were willing to work for those rights.
the Industrial Workers of the World
a. Identification
A group like the Knights of Labor except alot more radical. They banded together in the west in 1905.
b. Significance
The IWW was alot different than alot of other union groups that had come before them because they were alot more violent. This s most likely because of the years of failure and frustration in trying to get rights that were continually denied of them.
Explain the historical significance of each item in the space provided. Establish the historical context in which the item exists. Establish the item as the result of or as the cause of other factors existing in the society under study. Answer this question: What were the political, social, economic, and/or cultural consequences of this item
the Knights of Labor
a. Identification
Founded in 1860 by Philadelphia garment cutters, was the only major labor union to survive the depression of the 1870s.
b. Significance
The knights of labor were a result of laborers tired of striking and not achieving anything. They worked more to get long team goals accomplished. Their main goal was to make every man his own boss, to eliminate the profit driven capitalism. This union failed because workers became upset with the passive attitude of the union.
the Haymarket riot
a. Identification
An extremely large group of anti-capitalists gathered at the Haymarket Square in downtown Chicago to protest for more workers rights in May 1886.
b. Significance
This riot, which ended in the death of two unionists, was a result of growing hatred of the capitalist United States Government during this time from workers. This probably has much to do with the belief during this time that the economic climate could not be controlled, so their was no point for Government to regulate worker's rights in any way. This showed how war the tension had came and how serious the workers were about their beliefs.
the American Federation of Labor
a. Identification
Began in 1886 and was a major worker's union. Main goal was to fight for immediate rights, no long term goals.
b. Significance
This union's formation was most like due to the failure of the Knights of Labor. The Knights of Labor focused on long term goals. When the Knights failed, many workers were bitter and felt that working for more rights immediately was the best way to go. This, added to the mistreatment of workers at this time by their bosses, led to the formation of this federation.
Samuel Gompers
a. Identification
An immigrant who headed the AFL in the late 1880s.
b. Significance
Gompers had a passion for workers rights that led to his fight for worker's rights through the AFL. He believed strongly in his cause, and this passion helped him lead the AFL to becoming 2.5 million people strong.
the Homestead strike
a. Identification
A strike that took place in July 1892. The Amalgamated Association of Iron and Steelworkers went on strike in Homestead, Pennsylvania because of pay cuts.
b. Significance
This strike was likely due to the frustration of the lack of results from the efforts of the AFL. When the workers continued to work hard to no avail, they became extremely upset, and violent. This event hurt the AFL and all unions because it made the public opinion on unions darken.
the Pullman strike
a. Identification
The workers started a strike that took place in George Pullman's "model town" due to wage cuts in 1894.
b. Significance
The Pullman strike was a result of George Pullman's policy of not hearing the concerns of his workers in regards to their wage cuts. The workers banded together and fought for their rights in a very intelligent way that showed the determination of the workers to get rights.
Eugene V. Debs
a. Identification
Refused to handle Pullman cars in support of strikers in pullman strike
b. Significance
His refusal to follow the laws and handle the cars both showed how far the workers were away from getting the rights they wanted but also showed how hard they were willing to work for those rights.
the Industrial Workers of the World
a. Identification
A group like the Knights of Labor except alot more radical. They banded together in the west in 1905.
b. Significance
The IWW was alot different than alot of other union groups that had come before them because they were alot more violent. This s most likely because of the years of failure and frustration in trying to get rights that were continually denied of them.
Tuesday, September 15, 2009
Important tearms from chapter 14-3
Andrew Carnegie: Established the most successful steel company of his time
Social Darwinism: The belief that one cannot survive without adapting to his/her surroundings; this is the belief that drove American business
John D. Rockefeller: Established the Standard Oil Company
Sherman Antitrust Act: Made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade
Samuel Gompers: President of the AFL
American Federation of Labor (AFL): A group of unions that worked together to fight for better working conditions
Eugene V. Debs: Formed a union for unskilled workers
Industrial Workers of the World: a radical group of socialist union members
Mary Harris Jones: fought for better working conditions for women
Social Darwinism: The belief that one cannot survive without adapting to his/her surroundings; this is the belief that drove American business
John D. Rockefeller: Established the Standard Oil Company
Sherman Antitrust Act: Made it illegal to form a trust that interfered with free trade
Samuel Gompers: President of the AFL
American Federation of Labor (AFL): A group of unions that worked together to fight for better working conditions
Eugene V. Debs: Formed a union for unskilled workers
Industrial Workers of the World: a radical group of socialist union members
Mary Harris Jones: fought for better working conditions for women
Monday, September 14, 2009
Railroad Development
The federal government gave land and made loans to the railroad companies. Why was the government so eager to promote the growth of railroads?
The United States Government wanted badly for the railroad companies to achieve success because of the positive effect it would have on the American economy. The railroads connected the entire country, which allowed for many opportunities that hadn't even been thought of beforehand. They allowed businessmen to travel all over the country and expand their businesses easily. They also allowed for people to move westward and settle there, creating towns with prospering economies.
The United States Government wanted badly for the railroad companies to achieve success because of the positive effect it would have on the American economy. The railroads connected the entire country, which allowed for many opportunities that hadn't even been thought of beforehand. They allowed businessmen to travel all over the country and expand their businesses easily. They also allowed for people to move westward and settle there, creating towns with prospering economies.
Saturday, September 12, 2009
Expansion of Industry
Question:
What were the three major factors that contributed to the immense technological boom that took place in the United States after the Civil War? Explain how two of these factors helped to bring about this technological boom.
Before the American Civil War the United States was a mainly agricultural county. After The War, however, the technology and industry of the country boomed. This was due to three major factors: a surplus of natural resources, government support for businesses, and a growing urban population that was able to provide cheep labor.
The natural resources available to Americans was arguably the biggest factor in the evolution of industry in America. After Edwin Drake became the first person to drill for oil, it became an extremely popular resource that's uses seamed unlimited. Drilling for oil became very popular all throughout the west. Also, large amounts of iron were discovered, which could be used to make steel. Steel was in great demand for many innovative uses, including tools and the Brooklyn Bridge.
The Urban population's ability to provide cheap labor, combined with the discovery of electricity, provided for success in business that was previously unheard of. Not needing to be near a power source, such as a river, made it much easier for companies to develop and create better working conditions and get more done in less time.
What were the three major factors that contributed to the immense technological boom that took place in the United States after the Civil War? Explain how two of these factors helped to bring about this technological boom.
Before the American Civil War the United States was a mainly agricultural county. After The War, however, the technology and industry of the country boomed. This was due to three major factors: a surplus of natural resources, government support for businesses, and a growing urban population that was able to provide cheep labor.
The natural resources available to Americans was arguably the biggest factor in the evolution of industry in America. After Edwin Drake became the first person to drill for oil, it became an extremely popular resource that's uses seamed unlimited. Drilling for oil became very popular all throughout the west. Also, large amounts of iron were discovered, which could be used to make steel. Steel was in great demand for many innovative uses, including tools and the Brooklyn Bridge.
The Urban population's ability to provide cheap labor, combined with the discovery of electricity, provided for success in business that was previously unheard of. Not needing to be near a power source, such as a river, made it much easier for companies to develop and create better working conditions and get more done in less time.
Wednesday, September 9, 2009
Chapter 13 section 1-2 questions
1. What are some of the main reasons that the federal government's policy of assimilation failed?
A main reason that the government never achieved assimilation with the Native Americans is because they had no motivation to actually let assimilation occur. Other than those who resented the way that the Natives were treated (and these people were a minority) nobody really cared what happened to them. There was no benifit for the government to allow assimilation to occur and it would save money and help American settlers prosper to just simply continue oppressing the Native Americans, which is what eventually ended up happening.
Another reason that the idea of assimilation didn't work was because the two cultures were so fundemently different from eachother, it would be impossable for one group to make the transition from one culture to the other. The only way the two groups could have gotten along would be for each group to allow their cultures to coexist, which neither the Americans or the Natives would allow to happen.
2. How successful were government efforts to promote settlement of the Great Plains? Give examples to support your answer.
The federal governemtn was extreamily successful in promoteing settlement of the Great Plains. This is because it was planned out so well on how to get people to move there. Giveing away land to railroad companys was brillant because not only did that give citizent intersted in moveing westward a means of getting there, but the companys could also turn around and sell that land to settlers. In order to extend the opprunity of moveing westward to those who couldn't afford to buy land of their own, the government gave away land grants to thousands of familys and was able to increase the US population liveing in the west to 30% by the turn of the century.
A main reason that the government never achieved assimilation with the Native Americans is because they had no motivation to actually let assimilation occur. Other than those who resented the way that the Natives were treated (and these people were a minority) nobody really cared what happened to them. There was no benifit for the government to allow assimilation to occur and it would save money and help American settlers prosper to just simply continue oppressing the Native Americans, which is what eventually ended up happening.
Another reason that the idea of assimilation didn't work was because the two cultures were so fundemently different from eachother, it would be impossable for one group to make the transition from one culture to the other. The only way the two groups could have gotten along would be for each group to allow their cultures to coexist, which neither the Americans or the Natives would allow to happen.
2. How successful were government efforts to promote settlement of the Great Plains? Give examples to support your answer.
The federal governemtn was extreamily successful in promoteing settlement of the Great Plains. This is because it was planned out so well on how to get people to move there. Giveing away land to railroad companys was brillant because not only did that give citizent intersted in moveing westward a means of getting there, but the companys could also turn around and sell that land to settlers. In order to extend the opprunity of moveing westward to those who couldn't afford to buy land of their own, the government gave away land grants to thousands of familys and was able to increase the US population liveing in the west to 30% by the turn of the century.
Friday, September 4, 2009
Conflict in Iraq
Short Response
1. Where do most Kurds, Shi'a, and Sunnis live in Iraq?
Kurds: Most live in the mountainous regions in the Middle East.
Shi'a: Most live in Southeastern Iraq.
Sunnis: Most life in Northern Iraq.
2. Which ethnic group(s) hold(s) power over the majority of oil reserves in Iraq?
The Shi'as have control over most oil reserves because they are in Southern Iraq.
3. What is the main reason Britain become involved in Iraq?
Britian didn't have any oil fields and oil's importance was rapidly growing.
4. What did pan-Arabists advocate after World War II?
They wanted Iraq to cut ties with the west and join the United Arab Republic.
5. How was Saddam Hussein able to gain power and popularity in the 1970s?
He mordernized the Iraqi economy and created many government programs that benifited Iraqi citizens.
6. Why did the United States become involved in the Iran-Iraq War?
They didn't want iran's islamist government to win the war but did want to improve relations with Iran and its leaders.
7. Why did President George H.W. Bush (1989-93) bring the ground portion of the First Persian Gulf War to a halt? List two reasons.
a. He did not want the responsability of controling a totally destabilized Iraq.
b. He did not want to totally destroy Iraq's current government.
Extended Response:
8. What are the different ethnic and religious groups in Iraq? Why is it important to understand these differences?
The three biggest groups in Iraq are the kurds, Shi'as and the Sunnis. It is important to understand their differences and respective backgrounds because the actions they took and continue to take in the Middle east are driven by their beliefs, pride, and different levels of nationalism.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Part II Questions:
Short Response
9. What dangers did President George W. Bush (2001-09) say Iraq posed to the region and the world? Name two.
a. He said they had a dangerous weapons program.
b. They supported terriorism.
10. What were the U.S. government's declared goals in sending troops to Iraq?
a. To end Hussein's reign of power in Iraq.
b. To uncover any WMDs Iraq might have.
11. List two reasons violence continues in Iraq.
a. Many Iraqis are distrustful of the new government.
b. Many Iraqis want US forces to leave.
Extended Response:
12. Describe the different groups involved in the ongoing conflict in Iraq. What are their goals? (Reasons for fighting)
Shi'a: The Shi'as do not want the Sunnis to regain power again and resume Hussain's tatics but are also against forgin (US) involvement.
Sunni: The Sunnis are concerned that the democracy will keep them out of power and are trying to get rid of it.
Kurd: The Kurds do not want the Sunnis to regain power and want total control of Kurdistan.
al Qaeda: al Qaeda wants to overthrow the new Iraqi government and possably create a single Islamic state that would include the entire Middle East.
1. Where do most Kurds, Shi'a, and Sunnis live in Iraq?
Kurds: Most live in the mountainous regions in the Middle East.
Shi'a: Most live in Southeastern Iraq.
Sunnis: Most life in Northern Iraq.
2. Which ethnic group(s) hold(s) power over the majority of oil reserves in Iraq?
The Shi'as have control over most oil reserves because they are in Southern Iraq.
3. What is the main reason Britain become involved in Iraq?
Britian didn't have any oil fields and oil's importance was rapidly growing.
4. What did pan-Arabists advocate after World War II?
They wanted Iraq to cut ties with the west and join the United Arab Republic.
5. How was Saddam Hussein able to gain power and popularity in the 1970s?
He mordernized the Iraqi economy and created many government programs that benifited Iraqi citizens.
6. Why did the United States become involved in the Iran-Iraq War?
They didn't want iran's islamist government to win the war but did want to improve relations with Iran and its leaders.
7. Why did President George H.W. Bush (1989-93) bring the ground portion of the First Persian Gulf War to a halt? List two reasons.
a. He did not want the responsability of controling a totally destabilized Iraq.
b. He did not want to totally destroy Iraq's current government.
Extended Response:
8. What are the different ethnic and religious groups in Iraq? Why is it important to understand these differences?
The three biggest groups in Iraq are the kurds, Shi'as and the Sunnis. It is important to understand their differences and respective backgrounds because the actions they took and continue to take in the Middle east are driven by their beliefs, pride, and different levels of nationalism.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
Part II Questions:
Short Response
9. What dangers did President George W. Bush (2001-09) say Iraq posed to the region and the world? Name two.
a. He said they had a dangerous weapons program.
b. They supported terriorism.
10. What were the U.S. government's declared goals in sending troops to Iraq?
a. To end Hussein's reign of power in Iraq.
b. To uncover any WMDs Iraq might have.
11. List two reasons violence continues in Iraq.
a. Many Iraqis are distrustful of the new government.
b. Many Iraqis want US forces to leave.
Extended Response:
12. Describe the different groups involved in the ongoing conflict in Iraq. What are their goals? (Reasons for fighting)
Shi'a: The Shi'as do not want the Sunnis to regain power again and resume Hussain's tatics but are also against forgin (US) involvement.
Sunni: The Sunnis are concerned that the democracy will keep them out of power and are trying to get rid of it.
Kurd: The Kurds do not want the Sunnis to regain power and want total control of Kurdistan.
al Qaeda: al Qaeda wants to overthrow the new Iraqi government and possably create a single Islamic state that would include the entire Middle East.
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